Torah Im Derech Eretz: Rabbi Dr Isaac Breuer's Moriah pt 10: Avraham Emerges From the Ruins of Bavel

Moriah by Rabbi Dr Isaac Breuer - August 30

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Meeting Purpose

To analyze Rabbi Breuer's philosophy on early human history and the Jewish nation's role.

Key Takeaways

• Two Tragedies: Human history is defined by two rebellions: Adam's individual arrogance and the Tower of Babel's collective totalitarianism.
• Avraham's Counter-History: Avraham was chosen to create a new history, a "state of God" (Medinat Elohim), by rejecting the flawed models of individual and collective authority.
• Nationhood vs. Religion: Judaism is fundamentally a nation (Am Yisrael), not a religion (Klal Yisrael). This distinction is critical to understanding its mission and was the basis of a major dispute between Breuer and Yaakov Rosenheim.
• Universal Mission: The Jewish nation's purpose is to be a "blessing to all families of the earth" by demonstrating a society whose authority is God, not man.

Topics

The Two Rebellions Defining History

• 1. Adam's Rebellion (Individualism):
  • Cause: Man's usurpation of divine authority.
  • Result: Removal of the divine presence (Shechina) from the world.
  • Consequence: The Flood (Mabul), which broke human pride but led to a new extreme.
• 2. Tower of Babel Rebellion (Collectivism):
  • Cause: A post-Flood inferiority complex → the individual was seen as nothing, society as everything.
  • Method: The first totalitarian state, built on the new technology of the brick, to "make a name for ourselves" (na'aseh lanu shem)—a name for the state, not for God.
  • Result: God's intervention created a confusion of languages, preventing a single, corrupt universal state and establishing the era of competing nations.

Avraham's Counter-History: The State of God

• The Call to Separation:
  • God commanded Avraham to leave his land, society, and family.
  • Rationale: To exit the flawed "general history" of totalitarian states (e.g., Nimrod's) and create a new, ideal society.
• The New Nation (Am):
  • Foundation: A "created nation" (Am Elokei Avraham) whose authority is God, not man.
  • Purpose: To be a "blessing to all families of the earth" by demonstrating a righteous society.
  • Core Identity: A nation (Am Yisrael), not a religion. This distinction is central to Breuer's philosophy and was the basis of a major dispute with Yaakov Rosenheim.

Next Steps

• Rabbi Bechhofer: Continue the discussion on Breuer's philosophy, focusing on the mission of the Jewish nation and the distinction between Am Yisrael and Klal Yisrael.

 

Torah Im Derech Eretz: Rabbi Dr Isaac Breuer's Moriah pt 9: Adam Chose Autonomy Over God's Will

Fathom Summary

Meeting Purpose

To analyze Rabbi Dr. Isaac Breuer's philosophy on the state, religion, and the Jewish people's mission.

Key Takeaways

• Modern State's Origin: The modern state's separation of church and state is a Christian concept, stemming from early Christianity's focus on individual faith over societal engagement.
• The Jewish Mission: The Jewish people's purpose is to bring the "gospel" of divine justice to the world, serving as a historical protest against humanity's self-appointed authority.
• Adam's Original State: Adam was created with a divine image (Tzelem Elokim) and free will (Demut), intended to be a partner with God in creation.
• The First Sin: Adam's sin was an act of ethical rebellion—seizing authority to define good/bad and justice/injustice—which fundamentally altered history from harmony to strife.

Topics

State & Religion: A Modern View

• State's Scope: A country's authority is limited to governing acts, not beliefs.
  • It can mandate hand-washing for hygiene but not for religious ritual.
  • This ideal state is tolerant of all religions, ensuring peace among citizens.
• Breuer's Origin Theory: This ideal is a Christian concept.
  • Early Christianity focused on the individual's faith, not the state.
  • Its core message ("Render unto Caesar...") separated religious life from civic life.
• Marxist Critique: Religion is the "opiate of the masses."
  • It's a tool of the ruling class to suppress workers, offering "IOUs" for the afterlife instead of demanding justice now.
• Totalitarian State: The party is the religion.
  • It demands total devotion, competing for the hearts and minds of the people.
  • This leads to the suppression of all other religious expression.

The Jewish Mission & History's Trajectory

• The Torah's Narrative: The Torah begins with history, not law, because the Jewish people (Am Yisrael) are a historical phenomenon.
  • Purpose: To protest against history's flawed path and influence it toward divine will.
• Adam's Original State: Created with Tzelem Elokim (divine image) and Demut (free will).
  • Tzelem (Image): The independent self-realization that allows recognition of others and, ultimately, God.
  • Demut (Likeness): Free will, the choice between spiritual and material influence.
• The First Sin: A Rebellion of Authority:
  • Adam ate from the Tree of Knowledge, seizing the authority to define good/bad and justice/injustice.
  • This was a rejection of divine authority, replacing God's will with his own.
  • Result: History shifted from harmony to a struggle between divine and human will.
• The Jewish Solution: Humanity cannot define good/justice alone.
  • The Jewish people's mission is to bring the "gospel" of divine justice to the world.
  • This requires humility before God, as expressed in Micah 6:8: "Do justice, love kindness, and walk humbly with your God."

Torah Im Derech Eretz: Rabbi Dr Isaac Breuer's Moriah pt 8: The State vs. Idolatry & Christianity

Fathom Summary:

To trace the historical evolution of religion's relationship with the state.

Key Takeaways

• Ancient Religion: A nationalized, state-sanctioned force with no conflict between religious and secular justice.
• Christianity: A messianic movement that, after its founder's failed return, became a Church. It separated religion from the state, offering only personal salvation and dismissing national law as irrelevant.
• Modern State: The state's power eclipsed the Church's. The French Revolution then introduced liberalism, making religion a private matter of conscience and separating belief from state-enforced law.

Topics

The Ancient State & Nationalized Religion

• A state requires three independent authorities for checks and balances:
  • Legislative: Determines laws (e.g., parliament).
  • Judiciary: Judges are independent, guided only by conscience.
  • Executive: The governing body (e.g., cabinet).
• Ancient religion was nationalized, serving as the state's official divinity.
  • This created no conflict between religious and national justice.
  • The state's priests were essentially civil servants.
• Example: The Tower of Babel was an attempt to create a universal, authoritarian nation. Its failure led to the "nationalization of divinity," where each nation adopted its own gods.

Christianity: From Messianic Hope to Church

• Christianity emerged from a historical "giving up of hope" after Rome's conquest proved the weakness of national gods.
• Core Beliefs:
  • Accepted the Jewish concept of a merciful Creator.
  • Rejected the concept of God as the "King of the nations" (Hashem Tzva'o).
  • Focused on personal salvation for the oppressed, symbolized by a single "son of man."
• Initial Stance: A messianic movement focused on an imminent end-of-days.
  • This led to a separation of religion and state: "Give to God what is God's, and to Caesar what is Caesar's."
• Evolution into a Church:
  • When the end-of-days did not arrive, Christianity became an institution.
  • It offered personal salvation for the afterlife, dismissing this world's affairs as a "veil of tears."
  • It mocked the importance of law, creating a gap between the "holy" and "profane."

The Modern State & Private Religion

• Medieval Power Struggle: The Church demanded supreme governance over states, leading to centuries of conflict.
• Reformation: Protestantism subordinated the church to the state, creating national churches (e.g., Anglican).
• Enlightenment & French Revolution:
  • The state's power eclipsed the Church's.
  • The French Revolution introduced liberalism, making religion a private matter of conscience.
  • Key Principles: Freedom of conscience and religious tolerance.
  • Rationale: Belief cannot be compelled; forced religious activity is unethical hypocrisy.

 

Torah Im Derech Eretz: Rabbi Dr Isaac Breuer's Moriah pt 7: The Tower of Babel, Nations vs. Justice

Fathom Summary:

Moriah by Rabbi Dr Isaac Breuer 

Meeting Purpose

Reviewing Rabbi Dr. Isaac Breuer's philosophy on the modern state.

Key Takeaways

• The Sovereign State as a "Tower of Babel": Modern states are a materialization of the Tower of Babel's "let us make a name for ourselves" ethos, making them the primary source of war by recognizing no law higher than their own.
• International Law Is Powerless: "International law" is not true law but an arbitrary arrangement, powerless to compel strong nations because it lacks a sovereign enforcement mechanism.
• Sovereignty Corrupts Justice: The state's claim to absolute sovereignty replaces justice with loyalty ("my country, right or wrong"), creating both internal social conflict and external war.
• The Democratic Dilemma: Democracy's attempt to temper sovereignty with a separation of powers (Montesquieu) is fragile, especially in states without a written constitution, as seen in Israel's current judicial crisis.

Topics

The Sovereign State & International Anarchy

• Breuer (d. 1946) views the modern sovereign state as a materialization of the Tower of Babel's "let us make a name for ourselves" ethos.
• This sovereignty makes the state the sole source of law, recognizing no higher authority.
• Result → International relations become a "society of nations" based on might, not law.
  • Treaties are mere ceasefires, not true peace.
  • "International law" is an arbitrary arrangement, not true law, because it lacks a sovereign enforcement mechanism.
  • This powerlessness is evident in forums like the League of Nations and the UN.

Sovereignty vs. Justice

• Breuer argues that sovereignty replaces justice with loyalty ("my country, right or wrong").
• This creates a "double war":
  • Internal: Social conflict from a lack of absolute justice.
  • External: War between states.
• Breuer's 1940s perspective contrasts with earlier optimism (e.g., Rav Kook, Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch) about society's ethical evolution, recognizing that nationalism was not being superseded.

Types of States & Citizenship

• Breuer categorizes states by their national composition:
  • National State: Homogenous population; the state fully absorbs the nation's will.
  • Multi-National State: Multiple nationalities (e.g., Austro-Hungarian Empire); the state limits its will to benefit member ethnicities.
  • Covenantal State: A multi-national state formed by agreement among its constituent nations.
• Citizenship: A legal concept from the French Revolution intended to create unity by treating all people as equals.
  • Breuer's Critique: This ideal fails in practice, as states still grant different rights to citizens vs. non-citizens.

State Constitutions & the Democratic Dilemma

• Breuer identifies three constitutional structures:
  • Absolute State: Will is determined by a single leader (monarch, president).
  • Democracy: Will is determined by the people via a parliament.
  • Totalitarian State: Will is determined by a single party's ideology (e.g., Nazi, Communist).
• The Democratic Dilemma:
  • Democracy's attempt to temper sovereignty is the separation of powers (Montesquieu).
  • Purpose: To prevent the state's will from completely absorbing the individual.
  • Fragility: This system is vulnerable, especially in states without a written constitution, as seen in Israel's current judicial crisis.

Next Steps

• Continue the discussion, focusing on Breuer's concept of a "Torah state" and how it could function in the modern era.

 

Torah Im Derech Eretz: Rabbi Dr Isaac Breuer's Moriah pt 6, State vs Land & People, State Above All

Moriah by Rabbi Dr Isaac Breuer: Part 6, State vs Land & People, State Above All

Meeting Purpose

To analyze Rabbi Dr. Isaac Breuer's philosophy of nation and state.

Key Takeaways

• Nation vs. State: A nation is a historical, synthetic concept defined by shared destiny, not by common language, race, culture, or land. A state is a legal entity with a defined territory, population, and sovereign will.
• The Autonomous State: This state is a "legal personality" with an omnipotent will, independent of its citizens. It is the sole source of law within its borders and claims absolute authority, effectively becoming its own god.
• Justice as a Tool: The autonomous state uses "justice" as a rhetorical tool, especially during crises, but its true highest value is its own existence and power. It will sacrifice justice for its own "greater good."
• Am Yisrael's Uniqueness: Am Yisrael is unique because its identity is defined by the Torah, not by land. This non-Zionist view makes the land of Israel a crucial tool for its mission, but not the mission's defining essence.

Topics

Defining a Nation

Breuer defines a nation as a "synthetic concept," a whole greater than the sum of its parts, with a spiritual component (a "tsar" or angelic official). He rejects common definitions:

• Language: Common language (e.g., US/UK) does not guarantee a single nation.
• Race: No pure race exists; racism is a tool for oppression.
• Culture: Culture is a manifestation, not the essence. The Romani people, for example, have a culture but are not a nation because they lack a "historical ambition."
• Land: Land is a manifestation of national character, but not the defining feature. A nation can survive without its land (e.g., Poland for 200 years).
• Conclusion: A nation is defined by a common historical destiny. Language, race, culture, and land are merely narratives that express this destiny.

Defining the State

Breuer distinguishes a nation from a state, a legal entity with three components:

1. Land of the State (Eretz HaMedina): The defined territory.
2. Nation of the State (Am HaMedina): The population living within the land.
3. Will of the State (Ratzon HaMedina): A sovereign will that unifies the land and people.

The Autonomous State: A Legal Personality

The autonomous state is a "legal personality" with a will independent of its citizens.

• Omnipotent Authority: It is the sole source of law within its borders and claims absolute power.
• Self-Justifying Existence: It severs ties with the laws that created it, making its own existence the highest law.
• "Holy Self": It becomes its own god, demanding absolute loyalty and declaring, "You shall have no other gods besides me."

Justice vs. State Interest

The state uses "justice" as a rhetorical tool, especially during crises.

• Subordinate Value: Justice is not an absolute value; the state's own survival and "greater good" are paramount.
• Cover for Crimes: This ideology can be used to justify atrocities under the guise of patriotism.

Am Yisrael: A Unique Nation

Am Yisrael's definition is unique and distinct from other nations.

• Torah-Centric Identity: Its identity is defined by the Torah, not by the land of Israel.
• Land as a Tool: Eretz Yisrael is a crucial tool for the Jewish people's mission, not the mission's defining essence. This contrasts with religious Zionism, which elevates the land to the central goal.
• "Glorifying Golus": This perspective gives a positive spin to exile, as the nation's identity remains intact through the Torah.

 

Torah Im Derech Eretz: Moriah by Rabbi Dr Isaac Breuer part 4, A Vision of Justice Requires Torah

Moriah by Rabbi Dr Isaac Breuer - July 12

Fathom Summary

Meeting Purpose

To analyze Rabbi Dr. Isaac Breuer's critique of Marxism.

Key Takeaways

• Human Law is Flawed: Unlike the laws of nature, which are embedded within nature itself, human societies lack an intrinsic "natural law" of justice. All human-made laws are therefore temporary and relative, failing to achieve eternal justice.
• Torah as Divine Law: The Torah is the only source of true, eternal justice, revealed by God to provide the absolute framework for a just society. It is the "natural law" that human societies have failed to discover on their own.
• Marxism's Fatal Flaw: Marxism is a form of idolatry that worships the economy, reducing humans to mere "atoms" driven by economic forces. This denies free will and the independent value of justice, making it fundamentally incompatible with the Torah.
• The Core Conflict: The conflict is between the Torah's view of humanity as having divine potential and free will, and Marxism's view of humanity as a mechanistic reflex of economic forces.

Topics

The Problem of Human Law

• Humanity's universal demand for justice has never been fulfilled by human-made law.
• Why: The ideal law for society is not embedded within society itself, unlike the laws of nature (e.g., physics) which are intrinsic to the natural world.
• Result: All human laws are temporary and relative, designed for specific times and places. They can only negate injustice, not build a perfectly just society.

The Torah as the Solution

• The Torah is the divine revelation that provides the missing "natural law" for society.
• Function: It is an absolute, eternal system of justice given to the Jewish society at Sinai.
• Significance: It compels a just social order, independent of individual agreement, and is the prerequisite for true societal peace.

Marxism: An Idolatry of Economy

• Marxism is a deterministic philosophy that reduces all of society to economic forces.
• Core Tenets:
  • Economy is Everything: The economy is a science with its own laws, like nature.
  • Humanity as Reflex: Human will and ideals are mere reflexes of economic conditions.
  • Inevitable Revolution: History is a series of economic systems (e.g., feudalism → capitalism → communism), with revolutions as an inevitable outcome of economic change.
• Human Role: Humans are not agents of change but "midwives of the future," either assisting or resisting inevitable economic developments.

The Torah vs. Marxism: A Fundamental Conflict

• Humanity:
  • Torah: Created in the divine image (Tzelem Elokim), with free will and the potential to transcend nature.
  • Marxism: An "atom" in the economic machine, a mechanistic reflex of economic forces.
• Justice:
  • Torah: An independent, eternal ideal revealed by God.
  • Marxism: A temporary reflex of economic conditions; any sense of justice is a "leftover fire" from Sinai, not an inherent part of the philosophy.
• Idolatry:
  • Torah: Prohibits all forms of idolatry.
  • Marxism: Worshipping the economy is a modern form of idolatry.

Next Steps

• Yosef Gavriel Bechhofer: Continue the analysis of "Moriah" by examining the concept of "Ha'am" (the nation) and how history operates on a national level since the Tower of Babel.

 

 

Torah Im Derech Eretz Webinar: TIDE For Outreach and Inreach

A second or two cut off at the beginning in which I began relating the webinar to the date of 20 Tammuz, Yom Churban Telshe and thus the yahrzeit of my great-grandfather from the Kedoshim killed on that day, R' Meir Shmaryahu Schochet HY"D. 

The presenters are:

Rabbi Mordechai Becher

Rochel Alpert, Instructor at Touro College

Rabbi Moshe Katz

Mrs. Sara Brown

All the speakers were amazing!

You can find Rochel Alpert's slideshow from her presentation at:

https://discourse.torahimderecheretz.com/t/webinars-past-present-and-future/21/7?u=ygb

Rabbi Katz referenced RSRH on Ba'al Peor and contrasted what he says with the words of Stephen Hawking. You can find his references at:

https://discourse.torahimderecheretz.com/t/tide-and-mussar/18/17?u=ygb

Sara Brown mentioned her list. You can access it at: 

https://discourse.torahimderecheretz.com/t/sara-browns-brown-family-liberal-arts-education-passport/75?u=ygb

Fathom Summary (doesn't do the Webinar justice!)

Meeting Purpose

To explore how Torah Im Derech Eretz can be applied to modern Jewish outreach and in-reach.

Key Takeaways

• A Holistic Framework: Torah Im Derech Eretz (TIDE) integrates all life experiences—secular studies, arts, work—into a unified Torah framework, rejecting the notion of a "double life."

• Effective Outreach Tool: TIDE's core ideas (halacha as philosophy, validating past experiences, symbolic mitzvah explanations) are highly effective for engaging both beginners and disaffected Jews.

• In-Reach Solution: TIDE directly addresses critical in-reach failures, such as avoiding tough questions and fostering a "triumphalist yet terrified" culture, by providing a framework for fearless engagement.

• Countering Secularism: TIDE offers a powerful counter-narrative to the secular view of humanity as "advanced monkeys," affirming our unique, divinely-given purpose and dignity.

Topics

The Problem: In-Reach Failures in Orthodoxy

• Orthodoxy exhibits a "triumphalist yet terrified" culture, marked by a fear of engaging with fundamental questions (e.g., Torah & science, ethics).

• This creates "uncomprehended Judaism 2.0," where practice is based on "frum culture" and orthopraxy without deep understanding.

• Myopia (Nearsightedness):

• Avoidance of core questions about faith.

• Focus on "kosherized entertainment" over substantive Torah literature.

• Substitutes for deep engagement → "Gevir culture" and charismatic but superficial speeches.

• Hyperopia (Farsightedness):

• Unframed questioning that treats Torah as a "basket of problems."

• Critique of problematic views without a strong, positive Torah framework.

• Loss of Depth Perception:

• Cognitive dissonance from views that clash with reality (e.g., "non-Jews are pre-programmed to hate").

• A vacuum created by banning positive outlets (e.g., the Jewish Observer) is filled by less wholesome alternatives (e.g., "frum Instagram").

The Solution: TIDE as a Framework for Outreach & In-Reach

• TIDE is a holistic framework that integrates all life experiences into a unified Torah service, rejecting the concept of a "double life."

• Core Principles:

• Halacha as Philosophy: Law and philosophy are a single unit. Rav Hirsch's Chorev is a key resource for this, showing how halacha's details express deep philosophical truths.

• Validation of Past Experiences: TIDE validates a person's secular past, talents, and knowledge as valuable, not something to be rejected.

• Symbolic Mitzvah Explanations: Rav Hirsch's Tamei HaMitzvot (reasons for mitzvot) provide a "taste" (geschmack) of their impact, making them meaningful and inspiring.

• Hope and Optimism: TIDE counters the despair some feel when entering a frum environment by showing that Torah embraces all parts of life, not just a narrow, ascetic path.

Case Study: Baal Pe'or vs. Asher Yotzar

• Rav Hirsch's TIDE perspective makes the ancient story of Baal Pe'or relevant today.

• Baal Pe'or: A cult celebrating humanity's descent to the level of a beast.

• Modern Parallel: Stephen Hawking's view of humans as "just an advanced breed of monkeys."

• Torah's Counter-Narrative: The Asher Yotzar prayer, recited after the most animalistic act, immediately connects us to Hashem, affirming our unique, divinely-given purpose and dignity.

• Conclusion: This dichotomy (Moshe Rabbeinu vs. Baal Pe'or) represents the two fundamental choices for humanity. TIDE empowers us to teach the world this truth through our own example.

Next Steps

• All Presenters: Continue the discussion on the WhatsApp & Discourse groups.

Please join either or both groups: WhatsApp: https://chat.whatsapp.com/FNbFs4JEXZkIzVNLJx3HuM

Discourse:

https://discourse.torahimderecheretz.com/invites/VyCktTB4rM